This tutorial shows how iter8 can be used to perform a canary release by gradually shifting traffic from one version of a microservice to another while evaluating the behavior of the new version. Traffic is fully shifted only if the behavior of the candidate version meets specified acceptance criteria.
This tutorial is for use with Red Hat OpenShift. A corresponding tutorial for plain Kubernetes is here.
This tutorial has six steps, which are meant to be tried in order. You will learn:
The tutorial is based on the Bookinfo sample application distributed with Istio. This application comprises 4 microservies: productpage, details, reviews, and ratings. Of these, productpage is a user-facing service while the others are backend services.
This rest of this tutorial assumes you have already installed iter8 (including Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh). If not, do so using the instructions here.
To deploy the Bookinfo application, create a namespace configured to enable auto-injection of the Istio sidecar. You can use whatever namespace name you wish. By default, the namespace bookinfo-iter8 is created.
oc apply -f https://v1-0-1.iter8.tools/tutorials/namespace.yaml
Next, deploy the application:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 apply -f https://v1-0-1.iter8.tools/tutorials/bookinfo-tutorial.yaml
You should see pods for each of the four microservices:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 get pods
Note that we deployed version v2 of the reviews microsevice; that is, reviews-v2. Each pod should have two containers, since the Istio sidecar was injected into each.
Expose the Bookinfo application by defining a Gateway and VirtualService.
These will use the route defined for the Istio ingress gateway:
export GATEWAY_URL=$(oc -n istio-system get route istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.spec.host}')
curl -L -s https://v1-0-1.iter8.tools/tutorials/bookinfo-gateway.yaml \
| sed "s#bookinfo.example.com#${GATEWAY_URL}#" \
| oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 apply -f -
You can inspect the created resources:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 get gateway,virtualservice
You can then check access to the application with the following curl command:
curl -o /dev/null -s -w "%{http_code}\n" "http://${GATEWAY_URL}/productpage"
If everything is working, the command above should return 200.
To simulate user requests, use a command such as the following:
watch -n 0.1 'curl -s "http://${GATEWAY_URL}/productpage" | grep -i "color=\""'
This command requests the productpage microservice 10 times per second.
In turn, this causes about the same frequency of requests against the backend microservice.
We filter the response to see the color being used to display the “star” rating of the application.
The color varies between versions giving us a visual way to distinguish between them.
ExperimentWe will now define a canary experiment to rollout version v3 of the reviews application.
These versions are visually identical except for the color of the stars that appear on the page.
In version v3 they are red.
This can be seen in the inspected in the output of the above watch command.
As version v3 is rolled out, you should see the color change.
To describe a canary rollout, create an iter8 Experiment that identifies the original, or baseline version and the new, or candidate version and some evaluation criteria.
For example:
apiVersion: iter8.tools/v1alpha2
kind: Experiment
metadata:
name: reviews-v3-rollout
spec:
service:
name: reviews
baseline: reviews-v2
candidates:
- reviews-v3
criteria:
- metric: iter8_mean_latency
threshold:
type: absolute
value: 200
duration:
maxIterations: 8
interval: 15s
trafficControl:
maxIncrement: 20
In this example, the target of the experiment is the service reviews.
The baseline and candidate versions are specified using their Deployment names, reviews-v2 and reviews-v3, respectively.
A single evaluation criteria is specified.
It requires that the measurements of the metric iter8_mean_latency should all return values less than 200 milliseconds.
The additional parameters control how long the experiment should run and how much traffic can be shifted to the new version in each interval. Details regarding these parameters are here.
The experiment can be created using the command:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 apply -f https://v1-0-1.iter8.tools/tutorials/canary-tutorial/canary_reviews-v2_to_reviews-v3.yaml
Inspection of the new experiment shows that it is paused because the specified candidate version cannot be found in the cluster:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 get experiment
NAME TYPE HOSTS PHASE WINNER FOUND CURRENT BEST STATUS
reviews-v3-rollout Canary [reviews] Pause TargetsError: Missing Candidate
Once the candidate version is deployed, the experiment will start automatically.
To deploy version v3 of the reviews microservice, execute:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 apply -f https://v1-0-1.iter8.tools/tutorials/reviews-v3.yaml
Once its corresponding pods have started, the Experiment will show that it is progressing:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 get experiment
NAME TYPE HOSTS PHASE WINNER FOUND CURRENT BEST STATUS
reviews-v3-rollout Canary [reviews] Progressing false reviews-v3 IterationUpdate: Iteration 0/8 completed
At approximately 15 second intervals, you should see the interation number change. Traffic will gradually be shifted (in 20% increments) from version v2 to version v3.
iter8 will quickly identify that the best version is the candidate, reviews-v3 and that it is confident that this choice will be the final choice (by indicating that a winner has been found):
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 get experiment
NAME TYPE HOSTS PHASE WINNER FOUND CURRENT BEST STATUS
reviews-v3-rollout Canary [reviews] Progressing true reviews-v3 IterationUpdate: Iteration 3/8 completed
When the experiment is finished (about 2 minutes), you will see that all traffic has been shifted to the winner, reviews-v3:
oc --namespace bookinfo-iter8 get experiment
NAME TYPE HOSTS PHASE WINNER FOUND CURRENT BEST STATUS
reviews-v3-rollout Canary [reviews] Completed true reviews-v3 ExperimentCompleted: Traffic To Winner
To clean up, delete the namespace:
oc delete namespace bookinfo-iter8
You can inspect the progress of your experiment using the sample iter8 Metrics dashboard. To install this dashboard, see here.
Coming soon
The progress of an experiment can be impacted by duration and trafficControl parameters:
duration.interval defines how long each test interval should be (default: 30 seconds)duration.maxIterations identifies what the maximum number of iterations there should be (default: 100)trafficControl.maxIncrement identifies the largest change (increment) that will be made in the percentage of traffic sent to a candidate (default: 2 percent)The impact of the first two parameters on the duration of the experiment are clear. Restricting the size of traffic shifts limits how quickly an experiment can come to a decision about a candidate.
Version v4 of the reviews service is a modification that returns after a 5 second delay. If you try this version as a candidate, you should see the canary experiment reject it and choose the baseline version as the winner.
For your reference:
reviews-v4 is: https://v1-0-1.iter8.tools/tutorials/reviews-v4.yamlComing soon
Coming soon